{"product_id":"estemmenosuchus-mirabilis-2","title":"Estemmenosuchus mirabilis","description":"\u003cp data-end=\"509\" data-start=\"0\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"44\" data-start=\"3\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"hover:entity-accent entity-underline inline cursor-pointer align-baseline\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"whitespace-normal\"\u003eEstemmenosuchus mirabilis\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e was a large dynocephalian therapsid that lived during the Middle Permian, approximately 267 to 260 million years ago, in what is now the Ural Mountains and the Kama River basin in Russia. This animal belonged to the basal therapsid group, a lineage that would later give rise to mammals, and was characterized by a robust anatomy and an extraordinarily ornate skull that distinguishes it from other primitive synapsids.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1169\" data-start=\"511\"\u003e The body of \u003cstrong data-end=\"543\" data-start=\"524\"\u003eEstemmenosuchus\u003c\/strong\u003e was bulky and robust, with an estimated length of around 4–5 meters and a considerable weight that made it one of the dominant terrestrial vertebrates in its ecosystem. Its trunk was wide and deep, supported by relatively strong limbs arranged in a semi-extended posture, intermediate between the typical lateral reptilian posture and the more upright position that would later evolve in mammals. The legs were short but powerful, adapted to support the animal's weight and to move relatively slowly but steadily through the riverine and forested environments of the Permian.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1879\" data-start=\"1171\"\u003e The most striking feature of \u003cstrong data-end=\"1233\" data-start=\"1204\"\u003eEstemmenosuchus mirabilis\u003c\/strong\u003e was its large, broad skull, adorned with numerous bony protuberances and horn-like structures emerging from the frontal, parietal, and jugal bones. These cranial expansions formed a kind of irregular crown of bony projections that were likely covered in life by keratinized tissue or thickened skin. The exact function of these structures remains a subject of debate, although it has been suggested that they may have played a role in visual display, recognition among individuals of the same species, or even in ritualized combat between males during territorial or reproductive disputes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"2509\" data-start=\"1881\"\u003e The skull also featured large temporal fenestrae, a characteristic trait of therapsids, which allowed for the attachment of jaw muscles more developed than in more primitive reptiles. The jaws were armed with heterodont dentition, composed of relatively large incisors in the front and more robust posterior teeth with complex edges, adapted for grinding vegetation. This dentition suggests that \u003cstrong data-end=\"2354\" data-start=\"2335\"\u003eEstemmenosuchus\u003c\/strong\u003e was primarily herbivorous or possibly omnivorous, feeding on soft plants, shoots, roots, and perhaps occasionally small animals or carrion.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"2891\" data-start=\"2511\"\u003e The neck was relatively short but muscular, capable of supporting the heavy, ornate skull. Behind it extended a broad body with a well-developed ribcage that housed a digestive system capable of processing large quantities of plant material. The tail was relatively short and thick, functioning primarily as a stabilizer during locomotion.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApproximate measurements of \u003cem\u003eEstemmenosuchus\u003c\/em\u003e :\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003e\n\n \u003cspan\u003e1:35 Scale Complete\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eLength 92 mm\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eHeight 51 mm\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eWidth 36 mm\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eSnout-tail length 115 mm\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003e\n\n \u003cspan\u003e1:20 Scale Complete\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eLength 160 mm\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eHeight 88 mm\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eWidth 63 mm\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n\u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eSnout-tail length 200 mm\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Miniature Museum","offers":[{"title":"1:35 \/ Unprimed","offer_id":54709495234828,"sku":"DC-1336-135-SINI","price":58.3,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"1:35 \/ Primed","offer_id":54709495267596,"sku":"DC-1336-135-IMPRI","price":68.3,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"1:35 \/ Hand-painted","offer_id":54709495300364,"sku":"DC-1336-135-PINTA","price":188.7,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"1:20 \/ Unprimed","offer_id":54709495333132,"sku":"DC-1336-120-SINI","price":109.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"1:20 \/ Primed","offer_id":54709495365900,"sku":"DC-1336-120-IMPRI","price":123.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"1:20 \/ Hand-painted","offer_id":54709495398668,"sku":"DC-1336-120-PINTA","price":296.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0672\/1106\/7660\/files\/Estemmenosuchus_13.jpg?v=1772974658","url":"https:\/\/dinosauriacreatures.com\/en\/products\/estemmenosuchus-mirabilis-2","provider":"Dinosauria Creatures","version":"1.0","type":"link"}